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SAP Surpasses Novo Nordisk To Become Europe’s Largest Company

SAP, the German software company, has officially overtaken Danish pharmaceutical giant Novo Nordisk to become Europe’s largest company by market capitalization. SAP’s market value reached $340 billion, surpassing Novo Nordisk’s $293.06 billion.

Key Factors Behind SAP’s Rise

SAP has experienced significant stock growth, particularly driven by optimism around its cloud business and its investments in generative artificial intelligence (AI). Since the start of 2025, SAP’s shares have risen 7%, and the company has seen a total return of 160% since the end of 2022, substantially outpacing the broader European STOXX 600 index, which rose by only 28%. The company’s increasing focus on cloud technologies and AI solutions for business applications has positioned it as a leader in digital transformation.

In recent months, strong investor interest has further propelled SAP’s growth, spurred by its expanding cloud services portfolio, AI developments, and strategic partnerships with large international corporations. These factors, alongside improvements to SAP’s ERP systems, have helped the company secure its top position.

Challenges For Novo Nordisk

In contrast, Novo Nordisk, which held the title of Europe’s largest company as recently as September 2023, has seen its stock lag due to disappointing results from its experimental obesity drug, Cagrisema. This has led to a slight decline in its market value, despite its strong performance in the pharmaceutical industry.

What This Means For The Future

The rise of SAP highlights the growing dominance of the technology sector in Europe, with digital transformation and AI solutions becoming key areas of investor focus. While Novo Nordisk is likely to remain a major player in the pharmaceutical industry, SAP’s success suggests that the European technology sector could experience even more growth, particularly with the increasing importance of AI and automation in business.

Looking ahead, competition between tech giants such as SAP and ASML is expected to intensify, marking the beginning of a new era for Europe’s technology-driven economy.

AI Cost Control Emerges As The Next Competitive Advantage

Companies that can control rapidly rising artificial intelligence costs may gain an advantage as AI models become increasingly commoditized, according to PwC.

The professional services firm said AI cost-control tools are becoming widespread and standardized, making them necessary to compete but less useful as a differentiator. Disciplined spending could also free capital for additional AI initiatives and create a compounding advantage.

One global technology company reportedly cut the cost of each AI run by 65% to 80%, allowing it to run three to five times as much AI on the same budget.

Why AI Spending Keeps Rising

Token prices are falling, but total AI spending continues to increase as lower unit costs encourage broader deployment. More workflows can also mean more calls, retries and system dependencies.

“Everyone tries to use AI everywhere, even if it just makes workflows more complex and expensive,” PwC said, noting that access to the same underlying models limits the competitive value of higher spending.

Companies also often lack visibility into token consumption and where waste occurs.

Hidden Costs Add Up

AI expenses can accumulate across planning, tool use, retrieval, reasoning, orchestration, safeguards, logging and review. Indirect infrastructure costs are also often excluded from initial budgets.

Agent-based systems can increase spending further by creating plans, delegating tasks, retrieving information or repeating processes when results fall short.

Model costs vary sharply, with PwC estimating that one million tokens can cost anywhere from pennies to $50. Choosing the cheapest model is not necessarily the best option because weaker systems can create additional work, poor decisions or compliance problems.

Financial Discipline Can Reduce Waste

PwC recommends examining three sources of AI cost overruns: rates, such as supplier price changes; volume, including excessive calls and retries; and mix, meaning the wrong model tier for a task.

Its operating model calls for assessing cost and value before development, redesigning systems to eliminate waste, linking spending to business outcomes and reinvesting savings in additional AI projects.

Companies can reduce costs by limiting unnecessary context, combining tasks into fewer calls, setting spending limits and routing work to the least expensive suitable model. PwC said these controls should be built into AI systems through budget limits, routing rules, workflow thresholds and audit trails.

Human Oversight Still Matters

Automated controls do not replace human oversight. PwC said technology should flag decisions for review and provide the information needed to align actions with business priorities.

In the technology company case study, the approach cut average runtime from 12 hours to four hours while maintaining output quality. PwC recommends tracking the cost of each AI workflow against its business outcome, putting AI spending on the CFO’s agenda and preparing for more outcome-based vendor pricing.

Discipline May Define The Next AI Advantage

PwC said companies should start with their most valuable AI applications, where better cost management and governance can deliver the greatest returns.

“The next round of AI advantage won’t go to whoever runs the most powerful models,” PwC said, noting that many companies will use the same underlying systems.

“Advantage will likely go to whoever runs them with more discipline,” the firm concluded.

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