Rising Prison Numbers and Overcrowding Challenges Across the EU

by News Editor

May 5, 2025

As we delve into the daunting statistics regarding prison populations in Europe, it’s clear that the issue is both significant and complex. In 2023, the European Union witnessed an increase in its prison population by 3.2%, with the total reaching approximately 499,000 inmates. This brings the rate to 111 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants, marking a slight escalation from the previous year.

Historically, the year 2012 recorded the highest number of prisoners at 553,000. Between 2017 and 2019, there was stability, followed by a notable decrease in 2020. However, the trend has reversed, with a cumulative increase of 7.7% from 2021 to 2023.

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Number of prisioners, 2022-2023 (per 100 000 inhabitants). Bar chart. Link to full dataset below.

Notably, Poland, Hungary, and Czechia top the list with the highest prisoner rates, while Finland, the Netherlands, and Slovenia showcase the lowest rates, reflecting diverse penal policies and social dynamics across the continent.

Cyprus faces a unique challenge with a staggering prison occupancy rate of 226.2%. This is significantly higher than countries like France and Italy, which also experience overcrowding issues. On a brighter note, Estonia, Luxembourg, and Bulgaria maintain the lowest occupancy rates, ensuring better living conditions for inmates.

These figures highlight critical issues that demand immediate attention and innovative solutions to ease the strain on Europe’s prison systems.

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Global Investment Migration: Leading Residence And Citizenship Programs For 2026

by THEFUTURE.TEAM

February 24, 2026

European Dominance Challenged By Global Contenders

The 2026 edition of the Henley & Partners Residence and Citizenship Programs report shows increasing competition in the investment migration market. European programs, traditionally seen as the global benchmark, are now facing stronger competition from jurisdictions in the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean as countries expand offerings aimed at attracting capital and internationally mobile investors.

New Entrants And Rapid Climbers Reshape The Landscape

Malta remains ranked first in the Global Citizenship Program Index for the 11th consecutive year, while Greece retains the top position in the Global Residence Program Index. At the same time, several jurisdictions improved their standings. The UAE moved from fifth to a joint second position, entering the top three for the first time. Countries including Costa Rica, New Zealand, Panama, and Singapore also gained ground, while Uruguay, Saudi Arabia, and the Maldives appeared as new entrants.

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Competing For Capital And Global Talent

Governments increasingly use residence and citizenship frameworks as tools to attract foreign investment and entrepreneurial talent. According to Henley & Partners Chairman Dr. Christian H. Kaelin, Europe remains a strong player, but countries such as Singapore and the UAE are accelerating reforms to strengthen their appeal to globally mobile investors.

Established Leaders And Agile Newcomers In Citizenship Programs

The Global Citizenship Program Index continues to be led by established programs. Malta’s citizenship-by-merit framework scored 77 points, maintaining its leading position, while Austria followed with a highly selective model. Programs in Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Nauru also received strong rankings. New entrants such as São Tomé and Príncipe and Samoa reflect a broader expansion of citizenship-based offerings.

European Consolidation And Emerging Residence Hubs

In the residence category, Greece remains first, supported by EU access and lifestyle advantages. Italy, Switzerland, and the UAE continue to compete closely, combining tax efficiency with investor-oriented policies. Portugal and Australia maintain strong positions, while Uruguay is emerging as a stable option with growing international interest.

Performance Metrics And Strategic Advantages

Both indexes evaluate 40 programs across factors including reputation, quality of life, compliance standards, investment requirements, and tax considerations. Austria and Malta scored strongly on program quality, while the UAE ranked highly in lifestyle and tax competitiveness. The rankings highlight how jurisdictions are positioning themselves to attract globally mobile capital.

Wealth On The Move

The report points to a broader shift in global wealth mobility. According to Dominic Volek, Group Head of Private Clients at Henley & Partners, investors increasingly prioritize stability, transparency, and clear long-term pathways when choosing residence or citizenship options.

As global uncertainty persists, residence and citizenship programs are increasingly viewed not only as investment tools but as strategic instruments for long-term mobility and risk diversification.

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