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Non-EU Citizens Face Elevated Part-Time Employment in the EU, Eurostat Data Shows

by THEFUTURE.TEAM

July 25, 2025

Overview of Disparities

Recent Eurostat data has underscored persistent employment discrepancies among different citizenship groups within the European Union. In 2024, non-EU citizens were markedly more likely to be employed part-time compared to both intra-EU nationals and those residing in their country of origin. Specifically, non-EU nationals made up 22.2% of part-time workers aged 20–64, while mobile EU citizens constituted 20.8%, and nationals residing in their own country recorded a lower rate of 16.6%.

Decade-Long Trends and Convergence

Over the past decade, EU nationals have consistently exhibited the lowest rates of part-time employment. However, all groups have experienced a decline in their part-time employment shares since 2014. Notably, the convergence between non-EU citizens and mobile EU citizens has accelerated, with the decline among non-EU nationals narrowing the gap between these groups. This trend reflects a broader shift in employment patterns and raises questions about labor market integration and policy implications.

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Gender Disparities in Employment Patterns

The data also reveals pronounced gender disparities across all citizenship groups. Among mobile EU citizens, 35.8% of women held part-time jobs compared to just 7.9% of men. Similarly, for non-EU nationals, 36.8% of women were employed part-time, in contrast to 11.8% of men. For nationals residing in their home countries, 27.0% of women worked part-time while the rate for men was a mere 7.4%. These figures highlight a critical, ongoing gender imbalance in work arrangements within the EU.

The Cyprus Labor Market Scenario

Cyprus presents a unique case in the broader EU labor landscape. Non-EU workers are becoming increasingly integral to the Cypriot labor market. As of December 2024, data from Trading Economics indicated that 73.3% of non-EU nationals aged 20–64 were active in employment. Demographically, non-EU residents account for approximately 24% of the population, while intra-EU nationals represent around 11%, according to both the European Commission and the Robert Schuman Foundation. Although Cyprus’s overall part-time employment rate stands at a modest 7.6%, migrant workers—especially non-EU citizens—are disproportionately represented in part-time and temporary roles.

Implications for Policy and Future Research

The disparities in part-time employment among non-EU nationals, mobile EU citizens, and home-country nationals underscore the need for nuanced labor market policies. Addressing these discrepancies will be essential for ensuring fair employment practices and enhancing economic integration across the EU. As policymakers and business leaders assess the implications of these trends, further research and targeted interventions may prove crucial in bridging the existing gaps.

The Future Forbes Realty Global Properties

by News Editor

August 24, 2026

Courts Are Still Applying Old Copyright Rules To AI

AI companies train models on enormous amounts of published material, including books, articles and academic research. Whether using that content without authors’ permission violates copyright law remains unresolved.

Much of the debate centres on fair use, which allows copyrighted material to be used without permission in certain circumstances. Courts consider factors such as the purpose of the use, how much material was involved and its impact on the original market.

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Anthropic Case Sets An Important Precedent

A major case involving Anthropic and a group of authors provided one of the clearest rulings so far. Judge William Alsup found that using copyrighted books to train AI models was lawful, comparing the process to people reading and studying literature before creating something new.

Anthropic was nevertheless ordered to pay $1.5 billion in a settlement. The penalty concerned books the company had obtained from illegal online libraries rather than the AI training itself.

For AI companies, that distinction could prove significant because it separates studying copyrighted material from directly copying it.

Competition Could Be The Key Issue

A case involving Thomson Reuters and Ross Intelligence offers a different perspective. A court ruled that Ross could not claim fair use after using Reuters’ copyrighted material to develop a competing AI-powered legal research platform.

The decision suggests courts may be less willing to consider AI training fair use when copyrighted content is used to build a product that directly competes with the original.

For authors, an unresolved question is whether AI-generated content should be considered competition for the works used to train these models.

The Law Has Yet To Catch Up

US copyright law predates generative AI by decades, leaving courts to apply old principles to new technology. Questions also remain over copyright protection for AI-generated works. In Thaler v. Perlmutter, a court ruled that material created entirely by AI cannot receive copyright protection.

Major AI companies remain involved in copyright litigation, and different courts could reach different conclusions. For now, there is no universal rule: the legality of AI training will depend on the circumstances of each case and how courts ultimately interpret copyright and fair use.