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Greece’s Fiscal Surplus Narrows In 2025 As Government Spending Rises

Overview Of Fiscal Balance And Performance

The Greek General Government recorded a fiscal surplus of €939.2 million between January and December 2025, equivalent to 2.6% of GDP. The figure is lower than the €1,439.3 million surplus, or 4.1% of GDP, reported during the same period in 2024. Revenue growth continued during the year, while higher public spending reduced the overall surplus compared with the previous year.

Revenue Growth And Sectoral Shifts

Total government revenue increased by €864.8 million in 2025, rising 5.9% to €15,615.2 million from €14,750.3 million in 2024.

Income and wealth taxes rose by €341.3 million, or 9%, reaching €4,146 million compared with €3,804.7 million a year earlier. Social contributions increased by €358.7 million, or 7.9%, totaling €4,878.7 million.

Interest and dividend income rose by €37.4 million, or 30.4%, reaching €160.3 million. Taxes on production and imports increased slightly by €14 million, or 0.3%. Net VAT revenue declined by €52.8 million, or 1.7%.

Sales of goods and services generated €159.6 million more in revenue, representing a 17.9% increase to €1,049.4 million. Current transfers rose by €27.9 million, or 7.1%, to €421.1 million. Capital transfers declined by €74.1 million, or 22%, to €262.9 million.

Rising Government Expenditures

Government spending increased by €1,364.9 million in 2025, rising 10.3% to €14,675.9 million compared with €13,311 million in 2024. Personnel costs, including estimated social security contributions and public sector pensions, rose by €253.3 million, or 6.5%, reaching €4,131.2 million.

Social benefits increased by €382.3 million, or 7.2%, totaling €5,686 million. Intermediate consumption rose by €136 million, or 9.3%, to €1,600.8 million. Current transfers also increased, rising by €77.8 million, or 9.2%, to €920.2 million.

Capital Expenditure And Debt Costs

Capital expenditure recorded the largest increase during the year. The capital account rose by €562.1 million, or 46.6%, reaching €1,767.2 million.

Growth was driven by fixed capital investment, which increased by €242.6 million, or 25.1%, to €1,207.3 million. Other capital transfers also expanded, rising by €319.5 million from €240.4 million.

Interest payments on government debt declined by €27 million, or 6.1%, reaching €418.7 million. Subsidies also fell, decreasing by €19.6 million, or 11.4%, to €151.8 million.

Data Reporting Notes

Greece’s statistical authority reported that estimates were used for certain entities within the General Government sector, particularly within local government, due to incomplete data submissions from the relevant authorities.

Attacks On Data Centers In UAE And Bahrain Highlight Digital Infrastructure Risks

Recent drone attacks linked to Iran have struck data center facilities in the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, raising concerns about the vulnerability of digital infrastructure in conflict zones. Facilities operating within the cloud network of Amazon Web Services were among the targets. These incidents highlight how modern conflicts increasingly extend beyond traditional military assets to include critical digital infrastructure.

Critical Infrastructure In The Crosshairs

Iranian drones struck two data centers in the United Arab Emirates on Sunday. A separate strike in Bahrain also affected infrastructure connected to regional cloud operations. The attacks occurred amid escalating tensions following U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iranian targets. Analysts say the incidents demonstrate how data centers are becoming strategic assets in geopolitical conflicts. Patrick J. Murphy, executive director of the geopolitical advisory unit at Hilco Global, said the attacks reflect a broader shift in how infrastructure is viewed in modern security planning. In his view, digital assets now carry strategic importance comparable to energy systems and telecommunications networks.

Industry Response And Strategic Repercussions

Companies operating cloud services in the region responded quickly to the disruptions. Organizations relying on Amazon Web Services infrastructure were advised to move workloads to alternative regions where possible. Major technology providers, including Microsoft and Google, have also reviewed contingency procedures following the incidents. The situation has underscored the importance of redundancy and geographic diversification in cloud infrastructure. Government authorities increasingly classify data centers as critical national infrastructure. Policymakers in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union have introduced measures aimed at strengthening the protection of digital assets. Security analysts expect the recent attacks to accelerate efforts to integrate cloud infrastructure into national security planning alongside sectors such as energy, water and telecommunications.

Developments And Industry Reactions

The events also come amid wider debates about the relationship between technology companies and national security policy. In a separate development, the U.S. government recently designated technology company Anthropic as a potential supply chain risk. The company’s chief executive, Dario Amodei, has indicated that the designation could face legal challenge. Technology firms with major operations in the Middle East are reassessing risk management strategies. Expanded multi-region data replication and stronger backup systems form part of these measures, according to Scott Tindall of Hogan Lovells. Meanwhile, comments from OpenAI chief executive Sam Altman have reignited discussion about the growing links between technology companies and government defence programmes.

Looking Ahead

The recent drone strikes illustrate the increasing strategic importance of digital infrastructure in global security dynamics. Data centers are gradually being treated as critical assets within geopolitical conflicts. Continued tensions are likely to prompt additional investment by governments and technology companies in strengthening protection of cloud infrastructure and improving operational resilience across global networks.

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