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Greece Outperforms Fiscal Expectations With €1.96 Billion State Budget Surplus

Surplus Surpasses Projections

Greece has reported a state budget surplus of €1.96 billion for the January–August 2025 period, a significant departure from the projected €1.38 billion deficit. This robust performance also improves upon the €1.04 billion surplus recorded during the corresponding period in 2024.

Robust Primary Balance Performance

The nation’s primary balance, calculated on a modified cash basis, reached a surplus of €8.50 billion—well above the target of €4.93 billion and surpassing the previous period’s €7.57 billion. Factoring in the timing adjustments for transfer payments of €1.90 billion and defense programme payments of €540 million, which do not impact the general government outcome on a fiscal basis, the primary balance exceeded expectations by an estimated €793 million.

Stronger Than Anticipated Revenues

Total net revenues for January–August 2025 climbed to €48.46 billion, marginally above budget expectations by €184 million (0.4%). Notably, tax revenues reached €46.52 billion, a 4.6% surplus in collection largely driven by higher-than-expected income taxes, VAT, and excise duties. VAT receipts totaled €18.19 billion, excise duties €4.86 billion, while property and income taxes contributed €1.98 billion and €17.31 billion respectively, with personal income taxes exceeding targets by €828 million.

Expenditure And Investment Insights

State budget expenditure for the period amounted to €46.49 billion, marking a reduction of €3.16 billion from budget targets, though €2.41 billion higher than the same period last year. Key allocations included €897 million for hospitals and healthcare, €400 million for universal electricity service costs, and substantial investments in transport services and higher education.

Public investment payments reached €7.04 billion, showing an increase of €491 million over the previous year despite being slightly below target figures.

Conclusion

The Greek government’s fiscal performance during this period underscores a disciplined approach to budget management, with revenue collections and primary balance performance exceeding expectations. This achievement not only highlights sound fiscal policies but also reinforces market confidence as Greece navigates its economic strategy amidst evolving fiscal challenges and opportunities.

Cyprus Income Distribution 2024: An In-Depth Breakdown of Economic Classes

New findings from the Cyprus Statistical Service offer a comprehensive analysis of the nation’s income stratification in 2024. The report, titled Population By Income Class, provides critical insights into the proportions of the population that fall within the middle, upper, and lower income brackets, as well as those at risk of poverty.

Income Distribution Overview

The data for 2024 show that 64.6% of the population falls within the middle income class – a modest increase from 63% in 2011. However, it is noteworthy that the range for this class begins at a comparatively low threshold of €15,501. Meanwhile, 27.8% of the population continues to reside in the lower income bracket (a figure largely unchanged from 27.7% in 2011), with nearly 14.6% of these individuals identified as at risk of poverty. The upper income class accounted for 7.6% of the population, a slight decline from 9.1% in 2011.

Income Brackets And Their Thresholds

According to the report, the median equivalent disposable national income reached €20,666 in 2024. The upper limit of the lower income class was established at €15,500, and the threshold for poverty risk was set at €12,400. The middle income category spans from €15,501 to €41,332, while any household earning over €41,333 is classified in the upper income class. The median equivalents for each group were reported at €12,271 for the lower, €23,517 for the middle, and €51,316 for the upper income classes.

Methodological Insights And Comparative Findings

Employing the methodology recommended by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the report defines the middle income class as households earning between 75% and 200% of the national median income. In contrast, incomes exceeding 200% of the median classify households as upper income, while those earning below 75% fall into the lower income category.

Detailed Findings Across Income Segments

  • Upper Income Class: Comprising 73,055 individuals (7.6% of the population), this group had a median equivalent disposable income of €51,136. Notably, the share of individuals in this category has contracted since 2011.
  • Upper Middle Income Segment: This subgroup includes 112,694 people (11.7% of the population) with a median income of €34,961. Combined with the upper income class, they represent 185,749 individuals.
  • Middle Income Group: Encompassing 30.3% of the population (approximately 294,624 individuals), this segment reports a median disposable income of €24,975.
  • Lower Middle And Lower Income Classes: The lower middle income category includes 22.2% of the population (211,768 individuals) with a median income of €17,800, while the lower income class accounts for 27.8% (267,557 individuals) with a median income of €12,271.

Payment Behaviors And Economic Implications

The report also examines how income levels influence repayment behavior for primary residence loans or rental payments. Historically, households in the lower income class have experienced the greatest delays. In 2024, 27.0% of those in the lower income bracket were late on payments—a significant improvement from 34.6% in 2011. For the middle income class, late payments were observed in 9.9% of cases, down from 21.4% in 2011. Among the upper income class, only 3% experienced delays, compared to 9.9% previously.

This detailed analysis underscores shifts in income distribution and repayment behavior across Cyprus, reflecting broader economic trends that are critical for policymakers and investors to consider as they navigate the evolving financial landscape.

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