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Goldman Sachs Finds AI Is Already Hitting Entry-Level Jobs

Labor Market Pressure Is Concentrated In A Few Industries

AI is beginning to weigh on employment across major developed economies, with the strongest effects appearing in highly exposed industries and among entry-level workers, according to Goldman Sachs.

Since late 2022, sectors more vulnerable to AI automation have generally seen slower growth in job openings, particularly in Germany, Australia and the U.S. Employment in information and communication services has also weakened across most developed economies, although it remains near or above its long-term trend outside the U.S.

Call Centers Show The Clearest Impact

Call centers, software publishing, management consulting and advertising have seen employment fall well below historical trends. Call-center employment is now 39% below trend in the U.S., 33% lower in Canada and 27% lower in Germany.

Goldman’s analysis of more than 800 occupations found that entry-level workers face the strongest AI-related pressure. A 10% increase in occupational exposure to AI was associated with a 0.1 percentage-point drag on annual employment growth in France, Canada and the U.S., while the effect for entry-level workers was larger.

Still, Goldman said the impact remains concentrated in a relatively narrow group of industries and workers.

AI Adoption Continues To Grow

Goldman’s analysis of 11 surveys found AI adoption rates of around 15% to 20% across major developed economies. France, the U.S., the Netherlands and the U.K. were among the leaders, while Italy, Japan and New Zealand had lower adoption rates.

Major emerging markets recorded adoption rates of roughly 10% to 15%.

Cyprus Outpaces EU Average In Working-Age Population Share, Eurostat Finds

Cyprus had a working-age population share of 61.6 per cent on January 1, 2025, placing the country above the European Union average of 58.3 per cent, according to Eurostat.

Cyprus Stands Above The EU Benchmark

The figures show that people aged 20 to 64 made up more than three-fifths of Cyprus’ population at the start of last year. In Eurostat’s regional demographic breakdown, Cyprus is treated as a single region because of its size, rather than being divided into multiple NUTS level 3 areas.

Wide Gaps Across The Bloc

Across the EU, 58.3 per cent of the population was of working age on January 1, 2025. The share reached at least 63.0 per cent in 39 NUTS level 3 regions, most of them in Germany. The group also included island regions in Spain, alongside several capital regions and their surrounding areas.

Capital And Island Regions Lead

At the top of the range was the Danish capital region of Byen København, where 68.9 per cent of residents were of working age. The same proportion was recorded in Spain’s island region of Eivissa y Formentera, while Fuerteventura stood at 68.3 per cent and Lanzarote at 67.3 per cent.

Rural Europe Skews Older

At the other end of the spectrum, working-age residents accounted for less than 55.0 per cent of the population in 189 EU regions. These areas were largely rural, including inland Portugal, much of rural France, most of eastern Germany, and rural areas in Bulgaria, Greece and the Nordic EU countries.

In six regions, fewer than half of the population was of working age. Those regions were Bornholm in Denmark, Creuse and Lot in south-west France, Etelä-Savo in south-east Finland, the Arrondissement of Veurne in Belgium and the French outermost region of Mayotte.

What The Data Measures

Eurostat’s regional demographic data measure the share of people aged 20 to 64, not the share of people who are actually employed. Cyprus’ 61.6 per cent figure was 3.3 percentage points above the EU average, though still below the highest regional levels recorded across the bloc.

The data underline how sharply Europe’s age structure varies from one region to another, with working-age shares differing significantly between urban centres, capital regions, islands and predominantly rural areas.

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