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Drought And Rising Temperatures Pose Long-Term Risk To Cyprus Growth

More frequent droughts and extreme heat are creating economic risks across Europe, with Cyprus particularly exposed because of its limited water resources and dependence on climate-sensitive sectors. Morningstar DBRS said successive heatwaves and below-average rainfall during the summer of 2026 had worsened drought conditions across parts of Europe, affecting agriculture, inland transport, industry and power generation.

Climate Risks Are Increasing Economic Costs

Droughts are becoming more frequent and severe worldwide, according to Morningstar DBRS. While the impact on the creditworthiness of most sovereigns remains limited for now, the agency said long-term economic effects will depend on how effectively countries adapt to more frequent and costly weather events.

“As climate risks accumulate and droughts become more frequent and costly, it is critical to assess the various economic impacts,” said Adriana Alvarado, senior vice-president in Morningstar DBRS’ Sovereign Ratings Group. The agency considers whether extreme weather could damage national wealth, weaken financial systems or disrupt economic activity when assessing sovereign creditworthiness.

Cyprus Faces Exposure Across Several Sectors

Cyprus is particularly exposed through water availability, agriculture and tourism. A study by the Economics Research Centre of the University of Cyprus estimated that cumulative discounted GDP losses under a business-as-usual climate scenario could reach about €29 billion by 2050 and €162 billion by 2100, with tourism, financial services and agriculture among the most vulnerable sectors.

Under the same scenario, tourism losses were projected at about €3.8 billion by 2050, while agriculture could face GDP losses of €500 million. Both figures were lower under scenarios involving stronger climate action.

Water And Tourism Face Direct Pressure

Limited water resources and prolonged hot, dry periods can reduce agricultural output and increase pressure on water infrastructure. Tourism is also exposed as rising temperatures and extreme heat affect the traditional summer season.

“Climate, quality and digital data will determine tourism development over the next five years,” said Nejc Jus, research director at the World Travel and Tourism Council. He said destinations may need to extend shoulder seasons as hotter conditions affect visitor demand.

Climate Investment Remains A Concern

Cyprus’ Fiscal Council has warned that investment in climate adaptation and mitigation remains below the level required by the island’s exposure to physical climate risks. The council said those risks could increasingly affect public finances, households and businesses, while higher climate-related financial risks could influence borrowing costs and sovereign credit ratings.

Cyprus has also sought greater regional cooperation on climate adaptation. At an international climate conference in Nicosia earlier this year, the government called for closer coordination across the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.

The Morningstar DBRS assessment comes as Cyprus continues to face drought, water shortages and rising temperatures. Those risks affect several parts of the economy, particularly agriculture and tourism.

Europe’s Busiest Ports Show The Scale Of Maritime Trade

Maritime transport carried roughly 13 billion tonnes of goods worldwide in 2024, highlighting its central role in global trade and supply chains. EU ports handled about 3.4 billion tonnes, or 26% of the global total, while nearly 90% of the bloc’s external freight trade is carried by sea.

Rotterdam And Antwerp-Bruges Lead The EU

Rotterdam was the EU’s busiest port in 2024, handling 397.3 million tonnes of goods. Antwerp-Bruges ranked second with 243.7 million tonnes, putting the two northern European hubs well ahead of the rest.

Hamburg ranked third at 97 million tonnes, followed by Spain’s Algeciras at 81.5 million tonnes and Amsterdam at 78.8 million tonnes. France’s HAROPA port complex, covering Le Havre and Rouen, handled 76.6 million tonnes, while Gdansk recorded 71 million tonnes.

Marseille and Valencia followed with 66 million and 64.5 million tonnes, respectively. Romania’s Constanta completed the top 10 at 57.6 million tonnes, reflecting the Black Sea’s role in Europe’s wider trade network.

Europe’s Second Tier Of Major Ports

Several ports handled between 40 million and 56 million tonnes in 2024. Barcelona recorded 55.5 million tonnes, followed by Trieste at 53.5 million, Genoa at 47.4 million and Sines at 44.1 million.

Piraeus handled 43.7 million tonnes, while Germany’s Bremerhaven recorded 42.5 million. Sweden’s Göteborg handled 38.5 million tonnes and Dunkerque in France 36.8 million.

Netherlands Leads By National Port Volume

Looking at total cargo across each country’s ports, the Netherlands ranked first with 538.1 million tonnes in 2024. Italy followed with 488.6 million tonnes and Spain with 486 million tonnes, putting all three well ahead of the rest of the EU.

Belgium ranked fourth at 274.9 million tonnes, followed by Germany at 273.9 million and France at 269.8 million. Greece, Sweden and Poland each handled more than 100 million tonnes, showing the breadth of Europe’s maritime network.

Turkey Expands The Regional Picture

Including EU candidate countries and EFTA members puts Turkey in second place with 524.7 million tonnes, behind the Netherlands. Norway ranked eighth with 212.1 million tonnes and handled 212.1 million tonnes.

The European Commission has described maritime transport as a long-standing driver of European economic development. Its role now extends beyond moving cargo, with ports increasingly tied to supply chains, energy security and industrial policy.

In March 2026, the Commission adopted two strategies focused on competitiveness, sustainability, security and resilience across the EU’s waterborne sector, including ports, shipping and shipbuilding.

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