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Cyprus Economic Sentiment Dips In January Amid Divergent Sector Performance

Overview Of January Trends

The Economic Sentiment Indicator in Cyprus experienced a modest decline of 0.2 points in January, underscoring a reduction in business confidence across key sectors. The University of Cyprus Economic Research Centre (UCY) compiled the Economic Tendency Survey, highlighting that while services improved, the setbacks in retail trade, construction, and manufacturing nearly offset these gains.

Sectoral Insights And Business Confidence

Notably, business sentiment in retail trade, construction, and manufacturing declined, although consumer confidence remained robust at levels comparable to December 2025. The survey indicated that despite the overall sectoral pressures, business optimism in services grew stronger, thanks to improved future expectations.

Uncertainty And Business Sentiment Across Sectors

The Economic Uncertainty Indicator marked its fourth consecutive monthly decline, in tandem with reduced business uncertainty across nearly every sector, except manufacturing. Consumer uncertainty held at historically low levels, notwithstanding a slight uptick in January. Business assessments revealed a nuanced picture: while financial conditions saw a marginal deterioration, turnover expectations for the next quarter rebounded after a two-month dip.

Detailed Sector Analysis

Retail Trade: Confidence in the retail sector waned, with businesses revising downward their outlook for upcoming sales and supplier orders. Although recent quarter sales levels remained stable from previous months, an increase in current stock levels and revised price expectations tempered overall sentiment.

Construction: The construction sector saw a sharper drop in confidence. Business evaluations turned more neutral as recent building activity and ongoing project reviews fell short of earlier optimism. Furthermore, the majority of firms expect stable employment levels despite ongoing challenges such as staff shortages and adverse weather conditions, which may continue to constrain productivity.

Manufacturing: In the manufacturing sphere, sentiment weakened with slightly poorer assessments of recent production activity and upward pressure in finished goods inventories. While orders held steady, future production expectations were downgraded, even as employment levels remained stable and pricing expectations unchanged.

Consumer And Service Sector Dynamics

Consumer sentiment proved resilient. Household financial perceptions stayed robust despite broader economic challenges, and expectations for household finances improved to a level not seen in 2025. However, consumers grew more cautious regarding major purchases and savings in the near term.

Capacity utilisation in service sectors such as accommodation, food services, and financial activities demonstrated stability near the highest levels reached since the pandemic, though many sectors still operate below pre-pandemic benchmarks due to recent expansions in capacity.

Conclusion

The January Economic Tendency Survey illustrates a complex economic landscape in Cyprus. Divergent sectoral performances—from the steady resilience of consumers and services to the challenges in retail, construction, and manufacturing—underscore the need for strategic adjustments. As businesses navigate these fluctuating confidence levels, policy makers and industry leaders alike will be looking for reliable indicators to steer future investments and operational shifts.

Copyright Law Struggles To Keep Up With AI Training

Courts Are Still Applying Old Copyright Rules To AI

AI companies train models on enormous amounts of published material, including books, articles and academic research. Whether using that content without authors’ permission violates copyright law remains unresolved.

Much of the debate centres on fair use, which allows copyrighted material to be used without permission in certain circumstances. Courts consider factors such as the purpose of the use, how much material was involved and its impact on the original market.

Anthropic Case Sets An Important Precedent

A major case involving Anthropic and a group of authors provided one of the clearest rulings so far. Judge William Alsup found that using copyrighted books to train AI models was lawful, comparing the process to people reading and studying literature before creating something new.

Anthropic was nevertheless ordered to pay $1.5 billion in a settlement. The penalty concerned books the company had obtained from illegal online libraries rather than the AI training itself.

For AI companies, that distinction could prove significant because it separates studying copyrighted material from directly copying it.

Competition Could Be The Key Issue

A case involving Thomson Reuters and Ross Intelligence offers a different perspective. A court ruled that Ross could not claim fair use after using Reuters’ copyrighted material to develop a competing AI-powered legal research platform.

The decision suggests courts may be less willing to consider AI training fair use when copyrighted content is used to build a product that directly competes with the original.

For authors, an unresolved question is whether AI-generated content should be considered competition for the works used to train these models.

The Law Has Yet To Catch Up

US copyright law predates generative AI by decades, leaving courts to apply old principles to new technology. Questions also remain over copyright protection for AI-generated works. In Thaler v. Perlmutter, a court ruled that material created entirely by AI cannot receive copyright protection.

Major AI companies remain involved in copyright litigation, and different courts could reach different conclusions. For now, there is no universal rule: the legality of AI training will depend on the circumstances of each case and how courts ultimately interpret copyright and fair use.

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