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CEO Confidence In Revenue Growth At 5-Year Low Amid AI And Geopolitical Pressures

Global CEOs are navigating a complex landscape as confidence in revenue growth reaches a five-year low. PwC’s 2026 Global CEO Survey reveals that escalating challenges—from artificial intelligence to geopolitical and cyber threats—are compelling leaders to reassess their financial outlooks and strategic investments.

Declining Confidence In Growth Prospects

Only 30% of CEOs now express confidence in achieving revenue growth over the next 12 months, a sharp decline from 38% in 2025 and 56% in 2022. PwC Cyprus shared these insights, drawn from the responses of 4,454 CEOs across 95 countries. The findings underscore the mounting pressure on businesses to convert investments, notably in artificial intelligence, into sustainable financial returns.

The AI Advantage And Execution Gap

The survey highlights a significant divide in how companies leverage AI. While only 12% of CEOs have witnessed AI deliver both cost and revenue advantages, 33% have seen benefits in just one of these areas, and a majority of 56% reported no significant financial impact. Firms that have embedded AI comprehensively across products, services, demand generation, and strategic decision-making are two to three times more likely to achieve tangible returns. Moreover, organizations that have established robust AI frameworks, such as Responsible AI protocols and enterprise-wide integration, are three times more likely to report meaningful financial outcomes.

Rising External Risks And Cyber Threats

The evolving global environment is intensifying external risks. CEO concern over tariffs has grown markedly, with 20% of leaders globally citing high exposure to financial losses from tariff impacts. Regional variations are stark, notably 35% in Mexico and 28% in the Chinese Mainland, while 22% of US CEOs noted similar vulnerabilities. Concurrently, cyber risk is ascending the priority list, with 31% of CEOs identifying it as a major threat—up from previous years—prompting 84% to enhance enterprise-wide cybersecurity measures.

Strategic Reinvention And Global Expansion

Despite the subdued outlook on revenue growth, many CEOs view reinvention as critical for future success. More than 42% of CEOs have ventured into new sectors in the past five years, and 44% of those planning major acquisitions intend to invest outside their current industries, with technology emerging as the most attractive adjacent sector. International expansion remains a strategic focus, with 51% of CEOs preparing for overseas investments. The United States continues to lead as a top market, followed by key regions such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and an increasing interest in India.

Balancing Urgency With Long-Term Strategy

Time pressures further complicate strategic decision-making. CEOs report spending 47% of their time on short-term issues, compared to just 16% on long-term planning exceeding five years. As Mohamed Kande articulated, “The value at stake across the global economy is increasing, and the window to capture it is narrowing.” This underscores the imperative for companies to commit to bold decisions and invest resolutely in capabilities that drive future growth.

PwC’s survey, conducted from September 30 to November 10, 2025, offers a vital overview of global business sentiment. As external risks evolve and competition intensifies, the companies best positioned for success will be those that adapt quickly while maintaining a clear focus on long-term strategic objectives.

Copyright Law Struggles To Keep Up With AI Training

Courts Are Still Applying Old Copyright Rules To AI

AI companies train models on enormous amounts of published material, including books, articles and academic research. Whether using that content without authors’ permission violates copyright law remains unresolved.

Much of the debate centres on fair use, which allows copyrighted material to be used without permission in certain circumstances. Courts consider factors such as the purpose of the use, how much material was involved and its impact on the original market.

Anthropic Case Sets An Important Precedent

A major case involving Anthropic and a group of authors provided one of the clearest rulings so far. Judge William Alsup found that using copyrighted books to train AI models was lawful, comparing the process to people reading and studying literature before creating something new.

Anthropic was nevertheless ordered to pay $1.5 billion in a settlement. The penalty concerned books the company had obtained from illegal online libraries rather than the AI training itself.

For AI companies, that distinction could prove significant because it separates studying copyrighted material from directly copying it.

Competition Could Be The Key Issue

A case involving Thomson Reuters and Ross Intelligence offers a different perspective. A court ruled that Ross could not claim fair use after using Reuters’ copyrighted material to develop a competing AI-powered legal research platform.

The decision suggests courts may be less willing to consider AI training fair use when copyrighted content is used to build a product that directly competes with the original.

For authors, an unresolved question is whether AI-generated content should be considered competition for the works used to train these models.

The Law Has Yet To Catch Up

US copyright law predates generative AI by decades, leaving courts to apply old principles to new technology. Questions also remain over copyright protection for AI-generated works. In Thaler v. Perlmutter, a court ruled that material created entirely by AI cannot receive copyright protection.

Major AI companies remain involved in copyright litigation, and different courts could reach different conclusions. For now, there is no universal rule: the legality of AI training will depend on the circumstances of each case and how courts ultimately interpret copyright and fair use.

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