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Greece’s €42.3 Billion Problem: The Persistent Shadow Of Zombie Companies

One in ten businesses in Greece is a “zombie” company—unable to service loans, collectively holding a staggering €42.3 billion in bad debt. These businesses, accounting for 8.9% of the corporate sector, have long been a drag on the Greek economy, earning their unenviable label as zombie firms.

In its latest quarterly economic report, the Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (IOBE) underscores the urgency of resolving these bad business loans. It highlights that these firms, by their nature, cannot restructure their debt independently, posing a perpetual obstacle to entrepreneurial growth.

The Scale Of The Problem

The unresolved bad loans from these zombie firms include €8.9 billion still managed by commercial banks and an additional €33.4 billion transferred to loan servicers by the end of 2022. This combined figure of €42.3 billion remains a significant burden on the banking system, stifling its ability to finance new ventures and economic growth.

The origins of this debt crisis trace back to Greece’s prolonged economic downturn. Non-performing business loans peaked at €58 billion in 2015, representing 47% of all business loans. Although this figure has declined significantly—down by €49.1 billion to €8.9 billion in 2022—the remaining €42.3 billion underscores the persistent challenge. Since 2015, the “real” reduction in business-related bad loans totals €15.7 billion.

Zombie Companies By The Numbers

The phenomenon of zombie businesses—firms unable to meet loan or interest payments—escalated during the 2010-2018 economic crisis. Between 2005 and 2013, their share rose from 10% to 18.6% of all businesses, before receding to 8.9% by 2022.

Interestingly, while smaller businesses have historically shown higher rates of zombification, large firms also exhibited notable vulnerability during the 2005-2016 period. However, since 2013, the share of zombie companies has declined across all business sizes.

A Leading Indicator Of Financial Distress

According to IOBE, the prevalence of zombie businesses closely correlates with the rate of non-performing exposures (NPEs) on bank balance sheets. Notably, the rise in zombie companies typically preceded the increase in NPEs, suggesting that the zombie rate serves as a leading indicator of financial distress in the banking sector.

More recently, the decline in zombie businesses has outpaced the reduction in NPEs. This trend, IOBE explains, stems from the protracted liquidation of companies that have ceased operations but whose debts remain unresolved. These defunct firms are excluded from databases like ICAP, which track active businesses.

Moreover, the size of the average zombie company has shifted. Before the crisis, and again after 2017, zombie firms were generally smaller, reflecting a change in the economic landscape over time.

The Path Forward

The persistence of zombie companies is not merely a banking issue; it is a systemic challenge for the Greek economy. Resolving these bad loans swiftly and effectively is essential to unlocking entrepreneurial potential and enabling Greece’s financial sector to support new business ventures.

As the IOBE report makes clear, addressing this issue isn’t just about cleaning up balance sheets—it’s about paving the way for sustainable economic growth.

Anthropic’s Opus 5.5 Arrives With Lower Costs, Faster Performance And Sharper Safety Guardrails

Anthropic on Tuesday unveiled Opus 5.5, its latest flagship model and, by the company’s account, a new state of the art in coding and knowledge work.

Opus remains the top tier in Anthropic’s three-model Claude family, positioned above Sonnet and Haiku, which serve the middle and entry-level segments respectively. The company says the new release not only outperforms the larger Fable model on several benchmarks, but also completed a number of informal tasks that Fable could not finish.

A More Efficient Frontier Model

One of the most notable changes is economic, not just technical. Anthropic says output tokens for Opus 5.5 will be priced at $20 per million, down from $25 for the previous version. Other usage metrics have also declined, and the model is faster to run, reflecting lower compute requirements to serve it.

That matters because model economics are increasingly central to enterprise adoption. In practice, a more capable model is only part of the equation; speed and cost often determine whether it can be deployed at scale across software development, research, customer operations, and internal knowledge workflows.

Sharper Communication, Less Jargon

Anthropic says the update also changes how Opus communicates. The new model is less likely to lean on jargon and more likely to lead with the most important information first. For business users, that is more than a stylistic adjustment. It improves readability, reduces friction in decision-making, and makes AI output easier to use in executive settings where time is scarce and clarity matters.

A Rapid Follow-Up To Opus 5

The launch comes just two months after the debut of Opus 5 on July 24. Anthropic said Sonnet 5.5 and Haiku 5.5, the next models in the lineup, will follow “in the coming weeks,” with similar performance gains expected.

Safety Remains Central To The Release

Anthropic says Opus 5.5 is comparable to Mythos in biology and cybersecurity capabilities, which means the model is subject to the same safeguards as the company’s Fable model. Those restrictions limit the model’s use in areas such as discovering exploits in compiled programs or developing recognizable biological weapons, among other sensitive tasks.

The release is also notable because it is Anthropic’s first since CEO Dario Amodei publicly embraced calls to pace the frontier, a strategy designed to slow the rate of capability gains so alignment and safety measures can catch up. In a recent post, Amodei wrote: “I have become convinced that fully addressing the risks requires even more prudence, not just investing in risk prevention, but pacing the rate of capabilities advancement so that risk prevention has time to keep up.”

Preparing The Next Layer Of Oversight

Anthropic said Opus 5.5 underwent safety training broadly similar to earlier models, including alignment testing and pre-release evaluation by external groups such as METR and Frontier Design. At the same time, the company said it is already building more advanced training and evaluation systems for future releases, including stronger security and monitoring infrastructure.

“As AI becomes more capable, public policy should play a larger role in making sure the systems people rely on are safe,” the company wrote in its announcement. “That capacity takes time to build, and we’ve started to put the infrastructure in place to support it. We expect to share more details on these efforts soon.”

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