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Cyprus Faces Regulatory Challenges In Competitive Electricity Market

The recent launch of Cyprus’ competitive electricity market marks a significant step in modernising the island’s energy framework. However, energy expert Andreas Poullikkas, a professor of energy systems at Frederick University and former chairman of the Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority (CERA), warns that strong regulatory safeguards remain essential to prevent market distortions and adequately protect consumers.

Strengthening The Regulatory Framework

Poullikkas emphasises that the transition toward a competitive operating model does not automatically guarantee fair pricing or stable market dynamics. The existing regulatory framework, formally known as the “Statement of Regulatory Practice and Electricity Pricing Methodology,” was designed to prevent cross-subsidisation while ensuring tariffs accurately reflect the actual cost of electricity services.

At the same time, he argues that further refinements are still necessary, particularly regarding pricing mechanisms in the day-ahead market.

Addressing The Dominant Producer’s Market Influence

At the heart of the discussion is the method by which the dominant market player, notably the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC), sets its prices in the day-ahead market. Poullikkas argues that because the EAC retains a key role in the country’s generation activity, its market bids cannot be equated with those of competitors in a fully mature market. He advocates for a clearly defined, cost-based pricing strategy that not only reflects actual variable costs and technical constraints but also guards against unpredictable cost transfers from regulated structures.

Transparent Rules For Must-Run Units

Regulatory concerns also extend to the handling of must-run generation units, which remain necessary for maintaining system reliability even when they are not the lowest-cost option available. According to Poullikkas, compensation for these units should be managed through separate and transparent mechanisms to avoid creating hidden costs within the market structure. He additionally stresses that physical allocation should take place before financial settlement so reliability-related costs do not unintentionally distort market outcomes or place additional burdens on consumers.

A Lesson In Gradual Liberalization

Poullikkas draws comparisons with electricity market transitions across the European Union, where liberalisation has historically depended on clear regulatory rules, effective supervisory oversight and carefully managed transitions away from monopolistic structures.

While he believes the core principles of Regulatory Decision 01/2021 remain solid, particularly those linked to cost-reflective tariffs and the prohibition of cross-subsidisation, he argues that their practical implementation in Cyprus still requires greater precision and clarity.

The Renewable Energy Debate And System Reliability

Beyond immediate pricing concerns, Poullikkas also challenges the assumption that increasing renewable energy capacity will automatically lower electricity prices. According to the expert, the long-term cost efficiency of the system depends not only on generation costs but also on investments in grid flexibility, storage infrastructure and energy interconnections. These issues remain particularly important for Cyprus because the island continues operating as a non-interconnected electricity system.

Conclusion: Clear Regulation For A Fair Market

In summary, ensuring that every cost is recovered just once, via the proper mechanism and with complete market transparency, is pivotal. The expert’s insights serve as a reminder that without a clear, segmented, and transparent regulatory approach, Cyprus risks creating a revenue recovery mechanism that falls short of developing a truly competitive market. The future success of the island’s energy transition hinges on these fundamental regulatory prerequisites.

What Cyprus Can Learn From Greece And Malta’s Growth Strategies

Across the Mediterranean, countries are increasingly competing not only for tourists but also for long-term residents, investment and skilled professionals. Greece and Malta have adopted different strategies to achieve that goal, offering two models that may hold lessons for Cyprus.

The shift comes as the traditional tourism model faces growing pressure. Climate change, overtourism and the rise of remote work have exposed the limitations of economies that depend heavily on peak summer demand. Increasingly, Mediterranean countries are looking for ways to extend tourism activity into year-round economic growth.

Greece Stopped Selling Only The Summer

Greece offers one of the clearest examples of that transition. While its islands have long depended on July and August tourism, many have spent the past decade extending the season through infrastructure investment. Fibre connectivity has expanded to islands that once struggled with unreliable service, while ports have been upgraded with European recovery funding. On islands such as Naxos and Paros, the tourism season now stretches from Easter through November.

A longer season is also attracting more long-term visitors considering relocation rather than short holidays. Unlike tourists who leave after a week, residents contribute to the local economy throughout the year through housing, banking, education and everyday spending.

Athens has adjusted its policy framework accordingly. In 2024, it revised its residency-linked property investment rules, raising the investment threshold to €800,000 in high-demand areas including central Athens, Mykonos and Santorini, while maintaining a €400,000 threshold elsewhere. The objective was to redirect foreign investment toward regions with greater capacity while easing pressure on the country’s hottest property markets.

The policy has attracted attention for attempting to balance investment with concerns over housing affordability and the long-term sustainability of local communities.

Malta Turned Staying Into A Product

Malta has pursued a different strategy. Without Greece’s size or tourism volumes, it focused on attracting internationally mobile industries including financial services, iGaming and maritime registration. Competitive regulation and targeted policies helped establish the country as a base for those sectors.

The result has been a service-driven economy and one of the fastest-growing populations in the European Union, supported largely by international workers.

Alongside employment-based pathways, Malta also offers a residence programme for non-EU nationals combining a government contribution, a property purchase or long-term lease, and a philanthropic donation. Lower property thresholds in southern Malta and Gozo are intended to steer investment towards less-developed areas.

Whatever the broader debate surrounding such schemes, the policy reflects a consistent objective: converting foreign interest into long-term economic participation.

The Risks Of Success

Neither approach is without trade-offs. In Greece, Santorini has become a symbol of overtourism, with cruise arrivals placing increasing pressure on local infrastructure and prompting discussions over visitor limits. Rising demand for short-term rentals has also reduced housing availability for local residents in several destinations.

Malta faces different challenges. Rapid population growth has added pressure to infrastructure and housing, while the country has spent years rebuilding the reputation of its financial services sector following international scrutiny.

Both cases illustrate that attracting investment is only part of the equation. Managing its impact on housing, infrastructure and local communities is equally important.

What Cyprus Can Learn

Taken together, Greece and Malta demonstrate two distinct approaches to long-term economic development.

Greece is seeking to channel investment towards regions that can accommodate growth while reducing pressure on its busiest destinations. Malta has built its strategy around specialised industries, regulatory certainty and structured pathways for long-term residence.

For Cyprus, the lesson is not to replicate either model. Rather, it is to understand the trade-offs behind each approach. As competition for investment and internationally mobile residents intensifies across the Mediterranean, long-term success will depend not only on attracting people and capital, but also on ensuring growth remains sustainable for local communities.

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