Google is set to radically transform Minnesota’s energy landscape with its first data center in the state. Strategically located in Pine Island, just an hour southeast of Minneapolis, the facility will be powered by an impressive 1.9 gigawatts of clean energy, including a groundbreaking 300-megawatt iron‐air battery developed by startup Form Energy.

Unprecedented Energy Infrastructure

The project, executed in collaboration with Xcel Energy, will integrate 1.4 gigawatts of wind and 200 megawatts of solar power to sustainably support operations. The centerpiece is Form Energy’s battery, engineered to deliver power at its rated capacity for 100 hours. Boasting an awe-inspiring 30 gigawatt-hours storage capacity, this will be the world’s largest battery, ensuring prolonged clean energy availability and enhancing grid stability during periods of intermittent renewable generation.

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Innovative Iron-Air Battery Technology

Form Energy’s approach differs from conventional lithium-ion systems by using iron-air chemistry. The process relies on the oxidation of iron to generate electricity, while charging reverses the reaction by converting rust back into metallic iron and releasing oxygen. Although iron-air batteries operate at lower efficiency rates than lithium-ion alternatives, they offer a significant cost advantage. The company estimates storage costs at roughly $20 per kilowatt-hour, positioning the technology as a practical option for long-duration storage.

Strategic Utility And Regulatory Innovation

Google is also introducing a new utility fee structure in Minnesota designed to accelerate clean energy deployment. The model, often described as a clean transition tariff, allows utilities to adopt emerging renewable technologies while maintaining regulatory compliance and limiting cost impacts on consumers. A similar framework was previously tested in Nevada through cooperation with geothermal energy developer Fervo.

Partnerships And Future Prospects

The project includes collaboration with Great River Energy, which will deploy Form Energy’s first battery installation in Minnesota. That system is expected to store 150 megawatt-hours and deliver up to 1.5 megawatts of power to the grid over a 100-hour duration. Form Energy, which has raised approximately $1.4 billion and operates manufacturing facilities in West Virginia, is positioning itself as a key player in long-duration storage.

Google’s Minnesota data center reflects a broader shift among large technology companies toward pairing renewable generation with large-scale storage. The project aims to strengthen grid reliability while supporting long-term clean energy targets.