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Cyprus Advances Legislation To Safeguard National Security Against Foreign-Controlled Enterprises

Cyprus is poised to implement significant changes to its corporate registration process amid rising national security concerns. New legislation under discussion will empower authorities to block the registration of companies controlled by non-EU nationals, with a particular focus on entities where Turkish individuals hold the ultimate beneficial ownership.

Targeted Reforms And Enhanced Scrutiny

Lawmakers have raised concerns about potential espionage risks and the strategic acquisition of immovable property by companies linked to Turkish interests. Parliamentary discussions referenced multiple cases in which companies with Turkish ultimate beneficial owners were registered in Cyprus. Registrar of Companies Irini Mylona-Chrysostomou said authorities are already monitoring attempts by individuals with such connections to establish companies, with the registrar’s office coordinating with district authorities before approvals are granted.

Regulatory Adjustments To Combat Loopholes

A key component of the proposed reforms is stricter disclosure requirements for Turkish nationals acting as ultimate beneficial owners of companies or partnerships operating in Cyprus. In line with EU Anti-Money Laundering directives, the framework requires identification of any natural person holding more than 25% of shares or voting rights. Officials say the measures aim to close existing loopholes and strengthen oversight. Two separate bills are under review, one focused on corporate entities and another covering partnerships. The proposed legislation would also allow authorities to remove companies from the registry when national security concerns arise.

Calls For Swift Legislative Action

Several political figures have called for rapid adoption of the reforms. DIKO MP Zacharias Koulias, Chair of the House Audit Committee, argued that the issue has remained unresolved for too long and urged lawmakers to approve the measures before parliament dissolves in April ahead of legislative elections. AKEL representative Christos Christofides said authorities are already reacting to developments rather than preventing them, warning that acquisitions of land near sensitive locations such as airports and military facilities raise broader security concerns.

Evolving Real Estate Dynamics

The proposed changes come amid increased scrutiny of foreign investment in Cyprus’ real estate market. Recent data shows that non-EU nationals, including investors from Lebanon, Israel, Russia and China, account for more than one-quarter of property transactions recorded in 2024. Officials note that companies controlled by non-EU beneficiaries are often classified as domestic entities, a factor that complicates oversight and has prompted calls for clearer regulation.

The forthcoming legislative measures reflect a broader trend in European regulatory practices, balancing open economic policies with strong safeguards to protect national interests. As Cyprus navigates these challenges, the new rules promise to build a more resilient framework to counter potential threats posed by unscrupulous foreign investments.

Copyright Law Struggles To Keep Up With AI Training

Courts Are Still Applying Old Copyright Rules To AI

AI companies train models on enormous amounts of published material, including books, articles and academic research. Whether using that content without authors’ permission violates copyright law remains unresolved.

Much of the debate centres on fair use, which allows copyrighted material to be used without permission in certain circumstances. Courts consider factors such as the purpose of the use, how much material was involved and its impact on the original market.

Anthropic Case Sets An Important Precedent

A major case involving Anthropic and a group of authors provided one of the clearest rulings so far. Judge William Alsup found that using copyrighted books to train AI models was lawful, comparing the process to people reading and studying literature before creating something new.

Anthropic was nevertheless ordered to pay $1.5 billion in a settlement. The penalty concerned books the company had obtained from illegal online libraries rather than the AI training itself.

For AI companies, that distinction could prove significant because it separates studying copyrighted material from directly copying it.

Competition Could Be The Key Issue

A case involving Thomson Reuters and Ross Intelligence offers a different perspective. A court ruled that Ross could not claim fair use after using Reuters’ copyrighted material to develop a competing AI-powered legal research platform.

The decision suggests courts may be less willing to consider AI training fair use when copyrighted content is used to build a product that directly competes with the original.

For authors, an unresolved question is whether AI-generated content should be considered competition for the works used to train these models.

The Law Has Yet To Catch Up

US copyright law predates generative AI by decades, leaving courts to apply old principles to new technology. Questions also remain over copyright protection for AI-generated works. In Thaler v. Perlmutter, a court ruled that material created entirely by AI cannot receive copyright protection.

Major AI companies remain involved in copyright litigation, and different courts could reach different conclusions. For now, there is no universal rule: the legality of AI training will depend on the circumstances of each case and how courts ultimately interpret copyright and fair use.

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